Pavor block(cement brick) industry

Cement pavers

INTRODUCTION
Cement Concrete tiles and paving blocks are pre-cast solid products made out of cement concrete. The product is made in various sizes and shapes viz. rectangular, square and round blocks of different dimensions with designs for interlocking of adjacent tiles blocks. The raw materials required for manufacture of the product are Portland cement and aggregates which are available locally in every part of the country.

 MARKET POTENTIAL
Cement concrete tiles and paving blocks find applications in pavements, footpaths, gardens, passenger waiting sheds, bus-stops, industry and other public places. The product is commonly used in urban areas for the above applications. Hence, the unit may be set up in urban and semi-urban areas, near the market. A lot of face-lift is being given to roads, footpaths along the roadside. Concrete paving blocks are ideal materials on the footpaths for easy laying, better look and finish. Whereas the tiles find extensive use outside the large building and houses, lots of these materials are also used in flooring in the open areas of public offices and commercial buildings and residential apartments.

BASIS AND PRESUMPTIONS
Efficiency: It is envisaged that the unit will run on one shift a day for 25 days in a month or 300 days in a year. 75 percent efficiency of machinery and manpower is considered.Time Period: Full capacity utilization is expected to be achieved within 12 months of commencement of commercial production. Labour Wages: Minimum applicable wages are considered. Interest Rate: An interest rate of 14% per annum on the total capital investment has been considered. Margin Money: Promoter is expected to bring in 25% of the total capital investment. Pay Back Period: The project will have a payback period of about 3-4 years. Land and Construction Cost: Land cost is considered at Rs. 500 per square meter, and Construction cost for office and stores at Rs. 2000 per square meter, and work shed at Rs. 1500 per square meter.

TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Process of Manufacture Cement concrete is a mixture of portland cement, aggregates (sand and stone chips) and water. Aggregates passing through 4.7 mm IS sieve are known as fine aggregates and the aggregates retained on this sieve are coarse aggregates.
The process of manufacture of cement concrete paving blocks involves the following steps: 
     a) Proportioning
     b) Mixing
     c) Compacting
     d) Curing
     e) Drying
 A concrete mix of 1:2:4 (cement: sand: stone chips) by volume may be used for cement concrete paving blocks with water to cement ratio of 0.62. The concrete mix should not be richer than 1:6 by volume of cement to combined aggregates before mixing. Fineness modules of combined aggregates should be in the range of 3.6 to 4.0. All the raw materials are placed in a concrete mixer and the mixer is rotated for 15 minutes. The prepared mix is discharged from the mixer and consumed in the next 30 minutes. Vibrating table may be used for compacting the concrete mix in the moulds of desired sizes and shapes.

Diffrent shapes and sizes of moulds are available in market

.

Filling the mould

 Demodulled the block

 After compacting the blocks are demoulded and kept for 24 hours in a shelter away from direct sun and winds. The blocks thus hardened are cured with water to permit completemoisturisation for 14 to 21 days. Water in the curing tanks is changed every 3 to 4 days. After curing, the blocks are dried in natural atmosphere and sent for use. The concrete paving blocks gain good strength during the first 3 days of curing and maximum gains in strengths are secured in the first 10 to 15 days of curing. After curing, blocks are allowed to dry in shade so that the initial shrinkage of the blocks is completed before they are used in the work. A drying period of 7 to 15 days would normally complete the drying shrinkage after which they can be used. The concrete tiles are similarly produced with the help of semi-dry pressing of the mixture and allowed to set for 24-36 hours. It is cured in the tanks for 15 days. If need be water can also be sprinkled to gain maximum physical strength in 15-21 days.

Quality Control and Standards
 a) Indian Standard Specification There is no Indian Standard Specification specifically on cement concrete paving blocks. However, the specifications laid down in IS 2185 (Part 1) Specification for concrete masonry units: Part 1 for Hollow and Solid concrete blocks, may be used as general guidelines for meeting the quality parameters, since the paving blocks are also essentially solid cement concrete blocks.
b) Quality Requirements Proportioning of raw materials, mixing, compacting, curing and drying are the important stages of manufacture. Quality parameters like actual proportion of the individual raw materials, ratio of coarse aggregates to fine aggregates, water to cement ratio, good finish, accuracy in size and shape and compression strength after curing are the some of the important parameters that should be checked periodically to ensure good quality of the product.
Production Capacity (per annum) Quantity: 800 tonnes Value: Rs. 22, 00, 000 Motive Power 10HP.
Pollution Control Dust collecting unit is required to be installed at the mixing and raw material handling section. The workers may use dust masks. Energy Conservation General maintenance of the machine and drive system can be employed for saving energy.

Organic vegetable farming

An organic vegetable garden is a natural and healthy way to grow vegetables for your personal consumption. Deciding to go organic will result in vegetables that have not been treated with chemicals or herbicides. Organic gardening may have a few more challenges than regular gardening, but these can be overcome with research and hard work. Organic vegetable gardening is becoming more popular with each passing year, as home gardeners strive to grow gardens that are bountiful, healthy, and ecologically friendly. Starting an organic vegetable garden is fairly straightforward; here's what you need to know to get started.

Choosing the Right Site

Starting your organic vegetable garden in the right place will make a huge difference right from the start. There are a few things you want to keep in mind:

·         Sun: You want a site that offers as much direct sunlight as possible -- at least 6 hours, and preferably 8, during your main growing season. If you don't have a space available that offers that much sun, don't despair -- there are crops you can grow without full sun.

·         Terrain: Does the land slope? You'll want to orient your garden bed to take full advantage of the sun exposure. Is there a depression where water collects? You'll want to think about filling this in with good soil so it doesn't stay soggy -- a site like that will take much longer to dry out in spring, and could result in rotted plant roots during the growing season.

·         Wind: Is the site at the mercy of high winds? If you live in a windy area, consider trying to position your garden in a place that has a hedge, wall, or other structure nearby to reduce the effect of high winds. If you don't already have some type of windbreak in place, consider erecting strong trellises nearby to serve this purpose.

·         Access to water, tools, compost. You don't want to have to drag tools from the other end of your yard, and toting a watering can around isn't much fun, either. Make it easy on yourself, and try to situate your vegetable garden bed in a convenient place.

Soil Considerations

How is the soil in your potential veggie garden area? Is it rocky and full of tree roots? You may want to consider building a raised bed vegetable garden or lasagna garden. If not, then you could go ahead and double-dig the existing soil and try to grow there. Either way, it's important to assess your existing soil to see what you need to do to make it perfect for growing organic vegetables.

·         Get Your Soil Tested: You can send samples of your soil to your local cooperative extension service for testing. Some garden centers and nurseries also offer soil testing services. This will let you know which nutrients are deficient in your soil and what type of soil you have, as well as provide suggestions for how to improve your soil.

·         Do a Quick D.I.Y. Soil Test: By doing a few simple tests yourself, you can learn a lot about your soil. Learn about what type of soil you have, how healthy it is, how well it drains, and test its Ph -- all very useful information!

Follow the instructions you get back with your soil test in regards to any nutrient deficiencies or Ph level issues. If you find that you have clay soil, there are some straightforward ways to improve it. Sandy soils benefit from the addition of plenty of organic matter, specifically, lots of compost.

Plants and Seeds

You'll want to start with organically-grown plants and seeds. Conventionally-grown plants are often already loaded with pesticides and chemical fertilizers -- exactly the types of things you're trying to avoid in your vegetable garden. Organically-produced seeds are harvested from organically-grown plants, never treated with chemical pesticides or fungicides, and never genetically modified. There are several good mail order companies that provide organic vegetable garden seeds. More nurseries, garden centers, and big box stores are also starting to sell a selection of organic seeds -- these are usually very clearly labeled as "organic."

Plant, Grow, and Harvest!

Now that you've got the garden sited and the soil amended, the organic plants and seeds bought -- now it's time to plant and tend your garden. Look up information on the types of vegetables you want to grow to ensure that you're providing them with the right amount of water and nutrients. Consider doing some companion planting for a healthier garden. Pay close attention to your garden so that you catch pest and disease problems right away. The biggest part of growing a healthy garden is simply paying attention. If you do that, you're well on your way to a healthy, bountiful, organic vegetable garden.

Candle making business

                   

Candles are no longer what they used to be. In the good old days, candles were used only as tools for illumination. Today, with the advent of electricity, candles are not considered as essentials anymore. But despite that, candles are still popular and people still buy candles; especially in countries that still experience power failure or places with absence of electricity.

Are you a stay-at-home mom, nursing mother or full time housewife looking for something to keep yourself busy with; while still earning some extra income. Are you interested in starting a candle making business from home? If your answer to the above question is yes, then this article is for you.

Candle making is one of the home based businesses you can start with little or no capital investment. Yet, the returns and profits can be overwhelming especially when you are doing business in a market like Nigeria. Now I know some of you reading this article doubt the potentials of starting a candle making business from home. Why should you start a candle making business? Well, you will find your answers below:

Uses of Candle and Why You Should Start a Candle Making Business

·         Candles serves as a source of light during power failure

It is a known fact that some developing countries like Nigeria have been having power supply challenges.This constant power failure serves as an advantage especially to a candle producer because nobody wants to be in darkness.

People also buy candles for emergency purposes, especially in times of disasters that disrupt power supply such as hurricanes, or just a mechanical problem down at the power plant. Another reason why candle making is a lucrative business is because of its affordability, especially when compared to fuels such as domestic gas and kerosene.

·         Candle is used for religious and ceremonial purposes

In countries like Nigeria, China, Italy, India, and many other countries of the world, candles serve for religious purposes (shrines and temples) and ceremonies such as birthdays, burial procession, etc. Also, the sale of candles thrive during festive seasons like Easter, valentine, Halloween, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas etc.

·         Candle is for beautification or decorative purposes

People also use candles for decorative purposes in places like restaurants, halls, places of worship, etc. Most candles today come in many colors and designs. Others come in an array of scents. Extremely popular nowadays are aromatherapy candles, where a whiff of their scent will have an effect on someone’s mood.

·         Candle making is not capital or labour intensive

Yes, candle making as a business is neither capital intensive, nor labor intensive. You can start this business right from home and grow from there. You can also have your customers come buy from you at home or you may choose to take the wares to them. Either way you choose, it won’t cost your neck.

I believe that the few reasons stated above is enough to convince you of the profit potential of running a candle making business. So now that the doubt is cleared and your pessimism crushed, you can read on to discover the step by step approach to setting up your own candle making business from home.

Starting a Candle Making Business from Home – Sample Business Plan Template

1.  Decide on the type of candle you would be making

To start a candle making business from home, first decide what type of candle you intend to make and sell. As mentioned above, you can make candles for emergency, decorative or therapy purposes. There are also other kinds of candles such as jar candles, tarts, candles that use soy wax or paraffin. The choice is entirely up to you.

2. Do your fesiable studies

A lot of research needs be carried out with respect to your home based candle business niche idea. You need to determine if there is an existing market that you can reach out to. If yes, then you need to ascertain the level of competition and the exact type of candle your potential customers would need.

3. Learn as much as you can about the process of making candles

Yes. Since you will be starting this business on a small scale, you need to make sure you are on the right track and you know what you are doing. Knowledge is very important because it can be a huge determinant between your cost of production and your profits. The first place to start your research is on the internet because there are many candle making forums where seasoned candle makers are willing to assist you.

All you have to do is to gather as much information as you can, but ensure that the information gathered is aligned with your aims and objectives. If your aim and objective is to make soy candles and tarts, do not explore paraffin alternatives. Experiment with different candle making techniques and perfect the technique you think work best. You will be able to earn more if you master your craft. Practice makes perfect.

4.   Set up your work area

Clear a space in your home, whether in your garage or even your own craft room, where you can create your candles. Candle making is a messy craft and your space must be easy to clean and handle.

5.  Write a simple one page business plan for your candle production business.

6.   Register your business

You will need to legitimize your business. Everyone knows that before you can start your candle making business from home, you need to get the appropriate permits and licenses from both your state and local government. You don’t want the government closing you down for illegal business operations.

Before you start your candle making business from home, speak to an attorney or an accountant. Get advice on tax structures and insurance. You will need it for future purposes.

7.  Simplify your marketing plan

There is nothing wrong with ambition. Ambition will drive you to business success but being overly ambitious will be detrimental to your business. Start small. You have just begun your candle making business from home. Don’t attempt to go global when you are only capable of producing a small amount of candles. It will only lead to frustration and eventually, you will give up.

8.   Build an online presence

Going online to sell your products is the most ideal way to get a lot of buyers. Use social media to your advantage. Since you started your candle making business from home, you may not have a presence in your community because you don’t have a shop. But that shouldn’t stop you from succeeding. Make some noise in the internet and before you know it, people will be buying your candles left and right.

9.  Create your brand

The first step in branding your candle making business is to make a name for yourself. What would you like your business or your candles to be called? Think up creative business names for your business. After that, you should design your logo and print out business cards.

10.  Learn other business skills like accounting, financing, marketing and sales. Your candle making skills won’t go very far if you don’t know how to budget your finances and sell your products. As the producer of these candles, you are the one who know exactly what your candles are and what they can do.

11.  Find reliable vendors of candle and craft supplies

To start your candle making business from home, you need to establish relationships with your local suppliers. Not only will they be able to give you good deals and good payment options for the supplies you buy from them, you will also be able to promote your candles in their shops.

List of Candle Making Equipment and Kit

·         Rubber plugs

·         Stainless steel scoop

·         Thermometer

·         Votive candle wick pin

·         Automated candle making machine

·         Gel filling system

·         Wax dispensing machine

·         Gravity candle pouring system

·         Wax transfer system

·         Round glass tumblers

·         Gum leaf aromatherapy essential oils

·         Candle fragrance oil

·         Dye/color for candle

·         Palm wax patterned effect

·         Soy container wax

·         Soy pillar wax

·         ‘Mini’ refill kit for rainbow candles

Fish farming

INTRODUCTION

Fish is the one of the favorite item in food menu. So market demand is always high for fish items. If we consider the global demand also the total requirement becomes very high. The main source of fish is from the sea. But the global fish harvest from the sea is decreasing rapidly.

The only way we can ensure avaibility of fish to meet increasing demand is through fish faring. Inland freshwater fish farming plays major  role. With the good demand of the fish we can convert this opportunity to a successful small scale farm.

STARTING FISH FARMING

For setting up profitable fish farming business, you have to go through some provedure . here we I sescribe various steps of fish farming in india.

PREPARE A FISH POND

The most important infrastructure of fish farming business is a pond. We can’t do commercial fish farming business without a pond. You can use your existing pond or construct a new one for fish farming in india. We can raise fish in both seasonal and permanent pond.in case of fish farming in seasonal pond where water will not exist for whole year, we have to raise some fast growing and quick maturing fish breads. Before shoking minnow in the pond prepare it properly. Clean the bottom of the pond perfectly and then fertilized it . optimize the ph value of the pond water and soil. High quality pond environment ensure high production and profit.

SELECTION OF FISH BREEDS

Selection of fish breeds plays major role in the sustainability of our business. The decision should be based on market demand, maintenance point view, availability of resource, effective utilization of resources etc. carp item such as Rohu, katla, grass carp, common carp etc are suitable for indian pond. You can get quality of fish seeds from nearest fish farmer or from fisheries department.

FISH FEEDING AND MAINTANANCE

Special care must be taken while growing fishes. The water ph value must be 7 to 8 for optimum growth. Chances of virus attacks must be avoided. The pond should be protected from predator. Daily scouting should be done and suspected fishes should be isolated from pond to avoid spreading of diseases all over the pond . diseases can be treated by treating water using salt, potassium permanganate solution, chemicals etc. it is better to prevent diseases than curing

MARKETING

Local market is the easily avaible market for majority of farmers. But the profit will be less compared to exporting. Fish meat can be processed to produce value added product and can be exported to foreign market. Formation of the farmer association can help for this marketing. The advantage of the local market is that the selling of fish is not a problem here  and farmers can get a decent income. So strength of both market ensure the success of the farming fish farming is becoming one of the main farm field which reduce the unemployment issue in village areas. So opportunity always exists here for those who love fish farming 

Packaged drinking water/mineral water

INTRODUCTION
It is needless to mention that water, a compound of Hydrogen and Oxygen is a precious natural gift which is very essential for survival of mankind including animals. The water used for potable purposes should be free from undesirable impurities. The water available from untreated sources such
as Well, Boreholes and Spring is generally not hygienic and safe for drinking. Thus it is desirable and necessary to purify the water and supply under hygienic conditions for human drinking purpose.
As the name implies, the mineral water is the purified water fortified with requisite amounts of minerals such as Barium, Iron, Manganese, etc. which can be absorbed by human body. It is either obtained from natural resources like spring and drilled wells or it is fortified artificially by blending and treating with mineral salts. The mineral water shall be manufactured and packed under hygienic
conditions in properly washed and cleaned bottles in sterilised conditions.

MARKET POTENTIAL
Unfortunately sufficient safe potable water is not available everywhere in the country, either harmful chemical substances are found in the layers of earth which enter into water or it may be contaminated due to pathogenic micro-organisms. If such water is consumed, the body suffers from water born diseases. Due to this, it has become imperative to process and bottle safe potable water for the mankind in prevailing conditions. The demand for purified water becomes more during summer season. Although few companies have already entered in the bottling of safe potable water and mineralised water, but still huge gap is there in between demand and supply at all metropolitan-cities and towns. The product is widely accepted in offices, restaurants, railway stations, airport, bus stands, hospitals and to some extent even in rich house-holds. So there is good scope for establishing
the units for processing and bottling plain and mineralised drinking water in different parts of the country.

BASIS AND PRESUMPTIONS
This project has been drawn on the basis of following presumptions.
1 Working hours : 8 per shift
2 Number of : 3 shift/day
3 Number of : 300 Working days per annum
4 Total number of : 72 working hours
5 Working : 75% efficiency
6 Total period for : Third year achieving from maximum the date of capacity commencement
utilisation of production.
7 Margin money : 25% of Capital Investment
8 Rate of Interest : 15% per annum of Capital
9 Construction Cost of Building, Cost of Land, Labour Charges and Cost of Plant, Machinery and equipment have been considered as per prevailing rates in the market.
10 Cost of Installation and Electrification of Machinery and Equipment has been taken at the rate of 10% of the cost of Plant and Machinery.
11 Operative period of the project has been considered as 7 years.

IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
It is expected that total time of about 9 months will be taken from the date of approval of the scheme for complete implementation. Break-up of the activities and relative time for each of
them is shown below:
Nature of Time Period
Activity (in months)
1. Preparation of Project 0-1 month and its approval
2. SSI Provisional 1-3 months Registration
3. Sanction of Loan 2-5 months
4. Clearance from 2-5 months Pollution Control Board and taking permission from Municipal Health
Authority/BIS etc.
5. Placement Order for 4-6 months machinery of equipment
6. Installation of machin- 6-8 months ery and equipment
7. Power connection 2-6 months arrangement from Electricity Board
8. Appointment of staff 5-8 months etc.
9. Trial run 8-9 months
10.Commencement of 9 months Production and perma- onwards nent registration/marketing

TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Processing and Bottling Raw water to be processed is collected in tanks. A known quantity is pumped into the above tank where the water is dozed with alum for coagulation with heavy metals or insoluable matters. The water after coagulation is allowed to settle for an hour. The impurities may
be removed by Reverse Osmosis techniques also. The supernatant water is taken to the chlorination tank where primary disinfection is brought about by bubbling chlorine gas. The water is then passed through sand filters for trapping of undissolved impurities. The water after sand filteration is passed through Carbon filters for removal of odour, colour and also for dechlorination. It is then passed
through series of micro fillers comprising 5 micron, 1 micron and 0.4 micron filter followed by ultraviolet disinfection system for terminal disinfection. Packing is done in PET bottles of 1 litre capacity through an automatic rinsing, filling, and capping machine fitted with an Ozone generator. The bottles after capping are shrink wrapped (Optional) and packed in corrugated boxes of one dozen each.

Setting up cow dairy farm

Setting up cow dairy farm

Index

1. Cost of Setting up Dairy with 10 Cows

2. Construction of the Cow Sheds

3. Drinking Water Facility

4. Precautions in Selection of Cow

5. Determination of the Price of the Cow

6. Important Precautions in Transporting the

Cows

7. Important Precautions after the Cow Reaches

the Farmer Location

8. Feed

9. Veterinary Care

10. Calves

11. Daily Precautions

12. Lactation Period in a year

13. Ensuring Constant Supply of Milk

1.Cost of Setting up Dairy with 10 Cows

Particulars Rs. In lakhs

• Cost of 10 cows with Transportation : 7Lac.

• Shed with ACC sheet (60 feet length and 15 feet width) : 1.50 Lac.

• Bore well : 0.70 Lac.

• Fodder CuttingMachine : 0.40 Lac.

• Milking Machine (Optional) : 0.60 Lac.

Total cost =10.20 Lac.

• Cost of Land and Provision of electricity

not included as it depends on each location.

Projected Revenue / Income

Particulars Rs. In lakhs

• Sale of Milk : 5.30 Lac

• Feed Cost, Medicines, Labor and other maintenance expenses 60% : 3.16 Lac

Net Profit before interest on investment2.14 Lac

Note:

1) Additional income generated from Calves, Sale of Dung, Sale of Old Cows not included.

2) Family Commitment: One Family Member is to be fully dedicated for the farm

3) All the cows to be observed everyday for possible diseases.

4) Feed: Generally the feed consists of a) Maize b) Paddy straw c) Wheat husk d) Channa husk

2.Construction of the Cow Shed

• For 10 Cows the Shed length should be 60 feet and width 15 feet .Height should be between 10-12 feet.

• ACC sheets should be used for the Roof.

• If the daily temperature increases more than 15° C, the roof should be covered with paddy or maize straw to reduce the temperature. Also water should be sprayed over the straw to reduce the heat.

3.Drinking Water Facility

• The water tank should be cleaned after every 4 or 5 days with bleaching powder.

• Test the drinking water for the Cows provided through bore well.

• Each Cow may require 60-70 liters of water, in summer and in winter about 30-40 liters.

4.Precautions in selection of Cows

• Cows should not be purchased from auctions.

• Cows should be purchased only from the farmer / recognized animal suppliers to know the correct age of the cow, Milk Yield, Type of Breed, Vaccination and Artificial Insemination details.

• Farmers from Andhra Pradesh mostly purchase cows from Karnataka.

• Vaccination and artificial insemination details are available in the veterinary hospitals of Karnataka.

• Mostly Jersey, HF cross breeds are purchased

.

5.Determination of the price of the Cow

• Age of the cow.

• Milk yield

• Type of breed.

For example:

a) If the HF cow has two teeth and in the first calving and the milk yield is 15 liters per day then the price of the cow is between Rs. 60000- 65000.

b) If the HF cow has four teeth and the milk yield is 20 liters then the price of the cow is above Rs. 75000.

6.Important Precautions in Transporting the

Cows

• In one DCM truck 8 Cows can be Transported

• Ensure that cows are not less than 8 in number, because lesser the Cows, they may fall down in the truck.

7.Important Precautions after the cow reaches the Farmers

• Ensure the Insurance Policy is taken. Watch the cow whether it is taking feed normally or is there any difference in its intake of feed

• The Cow should be kept under the supervision of Veterinary Doctor up to 15 days.

8 .Feed

9.Veterinary care

i. To prevent Foot & Mouth disease: Vaccinate first at 2 months age followed by every 9 months.

ii. To prevent Throat infection (Hemorrhagic Septicemia): Vaccinate first at 6 months age followed by every year , one month before onset of monsoon.

iii. To prevent Fever (Thileriasis): Vaccinate first at 4 months age and repeat every year.

iv. De-worming medicine should be given once in two months (60) days.

v. ( Always consult local veterinary doctor basing on the local conditions)

10. Calves

• De-worming medicine to be given after 10-15 Days from the birth of the calf.

• De-worming medicine to be given as per the advice of local veterinary doctor.

• After 6 months of age, the calf should be given the same veterinary care that is being given to the cow. (Always consult local veterinary doctor basing on the local conditions)

11. Daily Precautions

• Cow shed should be kept always clean.

• Cow should be washed one time in a day in winter, and two times in a day in summer.

• Cow should be provided water for drinking two times in a day in winter and three times in a day in summer.

• Ensure the udder of the Cow is cleaned thoroughly before milking.

• Watch the Cow daily whether it is taking feed and drinking water normally or any difference is there.

• Take preventive measures to eradicate mosquitoes.

• The hands of the person milking the cow should be clean & washed before milking.

• Milking of a Cow should be over between 4 to 8 minutes.

• If Milking Machine is used it should be cleaned before and after milking.

• Suitable action has to be taken to remove the ticks from the body of the cow.

• Dung has to be removed and kept far from the shed till it is suitably disposed.

12. Lactation Period in a year

• From the birth of Calf, the cow gives milk up to 210 – 220 days.

• After 90 days from the birth of the calf, the cow has to be inseminated.

• If the pregnancy is conformed, milking should be done up to 210-220 days. After that even if a Cow gives milk, it should not be milked. The reason is after the next calving, the health of the cow may not be good and also the milk yield reduces.

• If the cow doesn’t become pregnant after insemination, then we can take milk as long as it gives.

13. Ensuring constant supply of Milk

• If one wants to keep 12 cows, then he has to purchase 3 cows after every quarter, so that when 3 cows go dry then 3 cows are joining for giving milk. That is almost 9 cows will be giving milk constantly.

NOTE: The prices of any thing may be vary according to location 

mushroom cultivation

MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

1. INTRODUCTION

Cultivation of mushroom has been in in vogue for almost 300 years. Growing mushroom under controlled condition is of recent origin. Its popularity is growing and it has become a business which is export oriented. Today mushroom cultivation has been taken up to many states in india. Mushroom is an excellent source of protein, vitamin, minerals, follic acid and is a good source of iron for anemic patient.

Mushroom are of difrent type

   1) Button mushroom

   2) Oyester

   3) Paddy straw mushroom

 All types of button mushroom is the most popular one mushroom cultivation can be done at cottage and small-scale levels beside large-scale farming.

2. MARKET POTENTIAL 

The main customer of mushroom are Chinese food restaurant, households. In big cities, mushroom are sold through vegetable shops. The growing domestic and export market as also the delivery and food value provides extensive and good potential for cultivation for mushroom.

3. TECHNICAL DETAILS

a) Manufacturing process

Preparation of mushroom seed(spawn): Span are available in markets. If desired the same can be produced and sold commercially.

Compost preparation: there are several mixtures for compost formation and anyone that suits the entrepreneur can be chosen. It is prepared using wheat/paddy straw into which various nutrients are added. In synthetic compost wheat straw is supplemented with nitrogen nutrients, organic and inorganic. In organic compost, horse dung is added. The compost can be prepared by long or short composting method. Only those who have pasteurizing facility can employ short cut method. In long method 7-8 turns at regular intervals are required for a period of 28 days. Good compost is dark-brown, ammonia free, little greasiness and having 65-70% moisture.

Spewing (mixing compost with spawns): For mixing spawn with compost any of the

three procedures can be followed:

 . Layer spewing: Compost is divided into equal layers and spawns spread in each layer.

Result is spawning in different layers.

 .Surface spewing: 3 to 5 cms of compost is remixed, spawns spread and covered with

compost.

 . Through spewing: Spawns are mixed with compost and pressed.

A bottle of spawns is good enough for 35 kg of compost spread over 0.75 sq.mt. area

(about 2 trays). That is, spawn to compost ratio is 0.5%.

Trays are then arranged in tiers in the cropping room and covered with newspapers.

2% formalin is sprinkled over them. Desired room temperature is around 18'c with

95% humidity.

 . Casing: spawned compost is covered with sterilized hay, chalk powder etc.

 . Mushroom growth: Besides temperature and humidity mentioned above, proper room

ventilation should be ensured.

 . Cropping: Mushrooms prop up in 30-35 days. These fungal fruit bodies appear in

flushes and harvested when buttons are tightly closed. In a cropping cycle of 8-10

weeks an average yield of 10 kg mushroom/sq metre is feasible. Cropped mushrooms

can be packed for marketing.

i.) Production target: 8000 kg per annum

ii.) Utilities: Power: nominal

Water: Abundant supply - required

Car wash system

Mobile car wash

The concept

This simple concept behind mobile car wash is using idle parking time while owner leave their cars to carry out other activity, such as home, shopping, working, entertaining, studying etc without moving the car from parking spot.

The result is an innovate 100% service oriented, convenient and safe experience for customers.

Sience the mobile car wash washing cars are 100% autonomous, and our system not leave foam, water, of dirt on the floor, it can offered in any indoor and outdoor parking facielity without the need of any additional infrastructure.

The service can be offered at a wide range of place like :

Residential parking facilities

Supermarket

Malls

Public and private companies

Railways station and airport

Theaters and university

And many more

Whatever cars are parked mobile car wash will be there to keep them sparking shine.

Washing cart

Mobile car wash works with a compact mobile unit that allows us to have in a small space all the necessary element to offer premium quality handmade car washes.

Each unit is operated by just one person and the average service time is 20 minute, including waxing.

The mobile car wash washing cart are fully autonomous; it is not necessary to have them connected to water and power supply or electricity outlets. They have internal deposit for clean and dirty water, with enough capacity to work one whole day work without refilling and a rechargeable battery to power the electronic pump and the vacuum cleaner.

Strategic direction: stage of business

A start-up business designed to fill a service void which created now a day after the absence of mobile car wash facility in this market area.

Long range direction

We are dedicated to establishing and maintaining the finest car wash operation in area, specifically known for the quality of service provided and management commitment to the betterment of the community.

Market/marketing: market segment sought

We are extremely fortunate our service Is not limited to a specific segment or group of the market. In fact, the mobile car wash sole limiting factor is the small segment of its specific market which is without an automobile. In our market area alone, there are unlimited auto mobile.

Position

We will position ourselves as quality service providers and our positioning statement is: experience the quality car wash at your door step.

Benefit of service to the market segment

We will provide the only full service facilities within our market area. Additionally, our minimum use of water will provide an environmentally safe mean for our customers to clean their automobiles. These differ from residential car washing, were untreated wash water fills from drains and ultimately empties into our waterways.

Advertising and pricing policies

Our basic, full-service wash will cost Rs: 250(estimated), it will entail a full exterior vehicle wash, as well as an interior service to include vacuum, window cleaning, and dashboard cleaning. Our deluxe wash will cost Rs: 500 and will include all the basic wash service as well as an undercarriage wash, a rust inhibitor and a wheel brightener. The super wash will cost Rs: 750 and include all deluxe wash service as a polishing wax and a wax sealant.

We have investigated all available advertising medium. After in-depth consultation with a myriad of car wash operators in the area, we have decided to utilize the advantage of a variety of mediums. Initially, we will utilize website, cable tv and radio station, in conjunction with news paper advertisement, to announce our grant opening. We also use direct mail coupons to increase consumer awareness of our existence. Additionally, we will work cross promotions with business in the area as a means to tap the client base they have established. Already several existing business have expressed a desire to do so.

Sales projections

We expect to wash daily 20 cars estimated earnings should be Rs: 10,000 including all services. The monthly business estimated near about 3,00,000.

Management

The principle owner will be the full time manager. Both individual have served in the respective firms, respectively. We have vast experience in the management of finances, personnel and equipment. While in our companies, we both individual successfully completed two year of the company command, which closely parallel the running of the small business; it requires the managing of all associated personnel, and equipment.

Responsibilities

manager will focus on daily operation, including employee hiring, van maintenance, property maintenance, and equipment maintenance. The other manager will focus on marketing, advertising, and community relations as well as all fiscal matters, including employee pay and benefit, taxes, payable, website maintenance, and receivable.

Capital needed

The capital needed to underwrite this proposal will be utilized to purchase mobile van loaded with full car wash facilities. Additionally, the capital would be used to purchase both full-service and self-service equipment, a water replacement system, administrative equipment and supplies, the chemical inventory, and to provide operating capital to maintain the operation thoughts its first four month. 

Description of products

The mobile car wash is designed to be a complete car care facility. The operation is comprised of two complementary system: a full-service system for those customer who wish to allow our service team to clean their car and a self-service for those who wish to take a more active role in their car maintenance. Both systems will be outfitted with the most technologically advanced equipment available, thereby providing our customer with the best service possible. The mobile car wash unique operational concept of combining a full-service operation with a self-service operation provides our customer with service flexibility unmatched by any other car wash. Additionally within our market area we have very little competition.

Unique aspects of our strategy

We plan to market our car wash our car wash utilizing four primary mediums: Discount coupons mailing to selected zip codes, email address and websites. And cross promotion with local area merchants which will allow us to tap into their firmly established customer bases. Additionally we will approach apartments, shopping malls, amusement parks, super stores and condominium management offices, asking them to include promotional coupons in their monthly newsletters.

Management development

Our objective is to cultivate our managers from within the organization. This practice is essential to ensuring that our business philosophy and management style remain consistent. Additionally by adhering to this objective , we possess a means in which to reward employees who continually perform in an outstanding manner.

Market analysis

Specific market

LOCATION

The location is most important aspect in predicting a car wash success. Ideally, a car wash should be situated on a thoroughfare which posses a heavy volume of traffic, often referred to as “traffic count”. The wash location should have readily accessible ingress and egress routers. The target market population should reside in apartment least 30,000 people. A majority of target market should reside in apartments, townhouses and condominiums.

TRENDS

A recent demographic study predicts a high, increase in our target area population over the next 10 years. Additionally this study predicts the numbers of cars registered in our target area will also show a slow, but steady increase next ten year.

CHARACTISTIC

Our target market is the most density populated areas, shopping centers, car parking areas and officer’s car parking in the city and is comprised of a diverse mixture of ethnic and economic groups. This diverse economic and ethnic make-up supports our view that there is a strong demand in our market area for a complete car wash facility that posses both full service and self service facilities.

Buying habits of customer

In talking with hundreds of people target area, we have determined there is an enormous need for the mobile carwash facility in this area. Currently there is not similar car wash facility within Jamshedpur, and our proposal has received enormous support from both civic and government groups in our target market.

Advantage of competitors

1.Price

To arrive at our price listing for each car wash package, we carefully examined many car wash facilities in Jamshedpur. We analyze each facility’s wash package then compared the price of the package to its service contents to make a qualitative determination on the quality of service provided versus the cost of the service. Unfortunately what we discovered was that in most cases, the service provided did not warrant the higher price charge to the customer. The customer was not receiving any significant increase in the service received. Therefore, we carefully constructed our wash packages to ensure that our customer receive the best possible service for the price charged.

2. Performance

Our research repeatedly indicated that the wash performance is directly proportional to the type and make of equipment used. Therefore, in keeping with our business objective of providing the highest quality service possible, we have decided to purchase the most technology advance equipment will provide us with a qualitative edge over all the car wash facilities within Jamshedpur.

Advantage of competitor over the mobile car wash

We believe there are two temporary advantages a competitor could have over the mobile car wash

Customer base we will need time to firmly establish a sturdy customer base.

Business experience we lack daily experience in the industry, which our competitor have garnered overtime. However, we believe our work at multiple car wash facilities over the last seven month greatly reduce this initial experience advantage.

Environment impact

Seasonal fluctuation, as defined by changes in the weather, directly impact a carwash business volume. Contrary to logic, the winter month are peak months for full-service volume, while the self-service volume remain constant throughout the year. The rainy season keeps on decrease the business volume.

Over all marketing strategy

Our marketing strategy is twofold. First, we must develop a loyal customer base on which to built our business. Second, we must cultivate and expand this customer base to ensure a long lasting and solid relationship with our repeat customer and continued vitality of the business with the addition of the new customers.

Image we want to portray

The entire foundation of our business rests on our pledge to provide quality service at a reasonable price. We will portray our business in such a manner. Additionally, we are genuinely interested in the development and quality of our market area’s business community.

Pricing strategy

List prices

After careful analysis of this region’s car wash operator’s pricing practices, we crafted a pricing strategy that we believe more closely aligns service with price. Our system incorporates a three tier pricing scheme. In accordance with  our pricing strategy, our basic wash will cost Rs:250, our advanced wash will cost Rs:500, and our deluxe wash package will cost Rs:700.

Discount prices

As part of our marketing strategy , we will at various times offer discount and selected wash packages. Discount will vary from Rs:100 to Rs:200 reduction if the standard price.

Competitor’s price

            Although we do not have any competitor in our target market top use as a guide for established our pricing system, we did evaluate several pricing schemes to assist us in developing one appropriate for the mobile car wash.

Summary of unique feature and benefit

            An extremely important feature of our business is its mobile. Because of being mobile, the chances of succeeding are drastically increase our operation will incorporate the newest and most technologically advanced wash equipment in the industries. This will enable us to provide our customers with the best possible service at the community are respected and acted upon. Additionally, we believe the strongest point is our business is our management team. Both owner posse’s vast knowledge, gained from operational, budgetary, and personnel experience, from which to direct the business and provide for outstanding customer service